Indikator kunci menilai KEMISKINAN dan Ekslusi Sosial

New Policy Institute Key Indicators of Poverty and Social Exclusion,
Indikator kunci dalam menilai kemiskinan dan ekslusi sosial bisa dilihat pada berbagai level, mulai dari individu sampai ke komunitas. Selengkapnya indikator yang kudu dilihat adalah :

Income

1. Gap between low and median income, jarak antara pendapatan terendah dengan menengah


2. Individuals with below 50% of average income, jumlah orang yang pendapatan rata-ratanya dibawah 50 persen


3. Individuals with below 40% of average income,
jumlah orang yang pendapatan rata-ratanya dibawah 40 persen


4. Long-term recipients of benefits


5. Individuals with spells of low income


6. Self-reported difficulty managing financially

Children

1. Children living in workless households


2. Children living in households with below 50% average income


3. Low birthweight babies


4. Accidental deaths


5. Pupils gaining no GCSE grade C or above


6. Permanently excluded from school


7. Children whose parents divorce


8. Births to girls conceiving under age 16


9. Children in young offenders’ institutions

Young Adults, pada dewasa muda, indikatornya adalah:

1. Unemployed, menganggur


2. On low rates of pay


3. On severe hardship payments


4. Starting drug treatment


5. Suicide, bunuh diri


6. Without basic qualification (at 19), tanpa kemampuan dasar


7. With a criminal record (at 23), memiliki catatan kejahatan

Adults, untuk kelompok dewasa

1. Individuals wanting paid work


2. Households without work for 2 years or more


3. On low rates of pay


4. Insecure in employment


5. Without access to training


6. Premature death


7. Limiting long-standing illness or disability


8. Depression

Older People, untuk kalangan orang yang lebih tua

1. Pensioners with no private income


2. Spending on essentials


3. Limiting long-standing illness or disability


4. Anxiety


5. Help from social services to live at home


6. Without a telephone

Communities, kalo untuk mengukurnya di level komunitas, indikator yang digunakan adalah:

1. Polarisation of work, bagaimana polarisasi sosial karena perbedaan pekerjaan terjadi


2. Spending on travel of poorest, relative to middle income


3. Lacking a bank or building society account


4. Non-participation in civic organisations


5. Dissatisfaction with local area


6. Vulnerability to crime


7. Homes lacking central heating


8. Households in temporary accommodation


9. Overcrowding


10. Mortgage arrears

sumber: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no071/article2a.htm




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Indeks Multidimensi Kemiskinan

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The 2010 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report introduces the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). This new international measure of poverty complements income-based poverty measures by reflecting the multiple deprivations that people face at the same time across 104 developing countries. The MPI identifies deprivations across health, education and living standards, and shows the number of people who are multidimensionally poor and the deprivations that they face on the household level.

Inside the MPI:

1. Education (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
-Years of Schooling: deprived if no household member has completed five years of schooling
-School Attendance: deprived if any school attending school in years 1 to 8

2. Health (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
-Child Mortality: deprived if any child has died in the family
-Nutrition: deprived if any adult or child for whom there is nutritional information is malnourished

3. Standard of Living (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/18)
-Electricity: deprived if the household has no electricity
-Drinking Water: deprived if the househo to clean drinking water or clean water is more than 30 minutes walk from home
-Sanitation: deprived if they do not have adequate sanitation their toilet is shared
-Flooring: deprived if the household has a dirt, sand or dung f
-Cooking Fuel: deprived if the household cooks with wood, charcoal or dung
-Assets: deprived if the household does not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bike, motorbike, or refrigerator and do not own a car or tractor.

Sumber:
http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/MPI-One-Page-final.pdf?cda6c1

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Mengukur Ekslusi Sosial

Diukur atas beberapa kelompok, yang terbagi atas 14 indikator sebagai berikut:

• Financial difficulties:
1. Proportion of persons living in households that have great difficulties in making ends meet;
2. Proportion of persons living in households that are in arrears with (re)payment of
housing and/or utility bills;

• Basic necessities:
3. Proportion of persons living in households which cannot afford meat, fish or chicken every second day;
4. Proportion of persons living in households which cannot afford to buy new clothes;
5. Proportion of persons living in households which cannot afford a week’s holiday away from home;

Housing conditions:
6. Proportion of persons living in the accommodation without a bath or shower;
7. Proportion of persons living in the dwelling with damp walls, floors, foundations, etc.;
8. Proportion of persons living in households which have a shortage of space;

• Durables:
9. Proportion of persons not having access to a car due to a lack of financial resources in the household;
10. Proportion of persons not having access to a telephone due to a lack of financial resources in
the household;
11. Proportion of persons not having access to a color TV due to a lack of financial resources in the household;

• Health:
12. Proportion of persons (over 16) reporting bad or very bad health;

• Social contact:
13. Proportion of persons (over 16) who meet their friends or relatives less often than once a month (or never);

• Dissatisfaction:
14. Proportion of persons (over 16) being dissatisfied with their work or main activity.

Sumber:
The Measurement of Social Exclusion. Satya R. Chakravarty - Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. Conchita D’Ambrosio - Università Bocconi and DIW Berlin
p 15-16.(This version July 2003). http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.40705.de/dp364.pdf)

Profil komunitas dan Pemetaan Asetnya

Community Profile And Asset Mapping

The primary data source material generated by these interviewing, mapping, and diagramming exercises are:

1. Community maps, indicating location of community assets and services



2. Observational notes of group process and summary of issues discussed



3. List of positive characteristics of community assets and services



4. List of negative characteristics of community assets and services



5. List of all formal and informal community institutions



6. Case study of community collective action



7. Institutional diagrams (Venn) of relative impact and accessibility



8. Institutional diagrams (web) of institutional network relationships

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