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Rabu, 08 Mei 2013

Global food security index 2012: A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit

(Indeks ketahanan pangan Dunia tahun 2012)

1. Affordability

1.1 Food consumption as a share of household
expenditure
1.2 Proportion of population under the global
poverty line
1.3 Gross domestic product per capita
1.4 Agricultural import tariffs
1.5 Presence of food safety net programmes
1.6 Access to fi nancing for farmers

2. Availability

2.1 Suffi ciency of supply (Average food supply in kcal/capita/day, and Dependency on chronic food aid)
2.2 Public expenditure on agricultural research
and development
2.3 Agricultural infrastructure (Existence of adequate crop storage facilities, Road infrastructure, and Port infrastructure)
2.4 Volatility of agricultural production
2.5 Political stability risk

3. Quality and safety

3.1 Diet diversifi cation
3.2 Nutritional standards (National dietary guidelines, National nutrition plan or strategy, and Nutrition monitoring and surveillance)
3.3 Micronutrient availability (Dietary availability of vitamin A, Dietary availability of animal iron, and Dietary availability of vegetal iron)
3.4 Protein quality
3.5 Food safety (Agency to ensure the safety and health of food, Percent of population with access to potable water, and Presence of formal grocery sector)

(sumber: http://www.multivu.com/players/English/56895-eiu-global-food-security-index-dupont/flexSwf/impAsset/document/f28e36b5-0ba3-4764-801c-2cc353f4b717.pdf)

Global Food Security Index

1.    Affordability

·         Food consumption as a share of household expenditure
·         Proportion of population under global poverty line
·         Gross domestic product per capita
·         Agricultural import tariffs
·         Presence of food safety net programs
·         Access to farmer financing

2.    Availability
·         Sufficiency of supply
·         Public expenditure on agricultural R&D
·         Agricultural infrastructure
·         Volitility of agricultural production
·         Political instability

3.    Quality and safety


·         Diet diversification
·         Nutritional standards
·         Micronutrient availability
·         Protein quality
·         Food safety

(Sumber: http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/)

Minggu, 28 Agustus 2011

Indikator kultural ketahanan pangan


Consolidated indicators developed at the 2nd Global Consultation on the Right to Food and Food Security for Indigenous Peoples: Cultural Indicators for Food Security, Food Sovereignty and Sustainable Development

1. Access to, security for and integrity of lands, territories, natural resources, sacred sites and ceremonial areas used for traditional food production, harvesting and/or gathering and related cultural and ceremonial purposes

2. Abundance, scarcity and/or threats to traditional seeds, plant foods and medicines, and food animals, as well as cultural practices associated with their protection and survival

3. Use and transmission of methods, knowledge language, ceremonies, dances, prayers, oral histories, stories and songs related to traditional foods and subsistence practices, and the continued use of traditional foods in daily diet as well as in relevant cultural/ceremonial practices

4. Capacity by Indigenous Peoples for adaptability, resilience, and/or restoration of traditional food use and production in response to changing conditions including migration, displacement, urbanization and environmental changes

5. Ability of Indigenous Peoples to exercise and implement their rights including self-determination and free prior informed consent, as well as their self-government structures, to promote and defend their Food Sovereignty and related aspects of their development

Sumber: Cultural indicators of Indigenous Peoples' food and agro-ecological systems*
by Ellen Woodley, Eve Crowley, Jennie Dey de Pryck, and Andrea Carmen

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Pertanyaan2 dalam analisis GENDER di pertanian


Pertanyaan2 gender dalam bidang kegiatan irigasi:

1.Do men and women differ in their water use and future irrigation needs, such as:
types of crops irrigated (commercial corps, food crops, etc.); nonagricultural water requirements; preferred sites of water use; or distance (of home or fields) from water source?
2. Do women with agricultural specializations need access to irrigation water?
3. How will women be affected by intensified production as a result of the irrigation project? (Consider changes in labor requirements, changes in cash requirements for agricultural investments and concomitant changes in women�s labor allocation, etc.)
4. How will changes in cropping pattern (e.g., cash cropping versus subsistence crop production) affect women?
5. How will women be affected by the increased demand for labor and services created in the implementation phase?
6. Are women now involved in water management? Do they have a role in the settlement of water management disputes?
7. Are there water user associations? Can women join them?
8. Are women members of water user associations?
9. Does the executing agency (EA) have the capacity to mainstream GAD concerns?
10. Does the EA have female extension workers?

Sumber: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Manuals/Gender_Checklists/Agriculture/agri0501.asp?p=genchck

Khusus dalam bidang kegiatan microfinance:

1. Do men and women differ in their patterns of credit use (e.g., type of loans, number of loans, interest rates, arrears, defaults, amounts borrowed, effective use)?
2. Are there significant numbers of women farmers, enterprise owners, producers, workers, or household heads in the client population?
3. Do women and men have separate credit unions or savings and loan groups?
4. Does the beneficiary population have access to finance from both formal and informal sources? 5. Are there differences in access for women and men?
6. If women's access to credit is more restricted than that of men, how does this relate to women's property rights and ability to provide collateral? What are other constraints on women�s access to credit?
7. Will the project change existing patterns of relative access to credit for women and men? components.

Nah, khusus untuk kegiatan peternakan (livestock), maka pertanyaan2 nya adalah:

1. What roles do women and men play in livestock husbandry and care in the project area?
For which aspects of animal care are women mainly responsible, e.g., with which of the following activities are women involved daily or regularly: collection and fodder preparation, feeding;
watering; cleaning; herding; milking, sheaving, or other harvesting activities; or
care of sick animals?
2. How will the project affect the amount of labor men and women spend on livestock care? Will women and men do more work or less?
3. If the project involves new productive tasks, will these be done by women or by men? Will the labor have to be shifted from other activities? How will such changes affect women?
4. Will the project inputs to livestock development change women�s roles in the overall farming system? How?
5. If the care of large livestock is thought to be a responsibility of the men, do women actually do some of the work? How much?
6. If commercial livestock production technologies are provided to men, how will women�s traditional workload and responsibilities be affected?
7. Will the project create extra work for women? If so, how will they benefit from it?
8. Will new livestock production methods or new forms of livestock affect land use? Will they affect women�s access to land?
9. Do women have access to the resources (land, credit, capital) to participate in the project and to benefit from the improved stocks, feeds, or other inputs?
10. Are women included in processing or marketing cooperatives or in communal projects?
11. Do women own the animals they tend, and do they have control over or access to the income derived from the sale of meat, eggs, milk, etc.?

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Rabu, 24 Agustus 2011

Apa itu PERTANIAN INDUSTRIAL ?

Industrial farming is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. They include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced using these methods of industrial agriculture.

Industrial agriculture =

a. rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new croplands
b. increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area
c. improved soils permanently, providing more food from less space
d. is necessary today for all cultures
e. had no impact on agriculture

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Mengukur Pertanian Berkelanjutan

Sebuah penelitian menggunakan indikator sbb.:

Economic :


  1. Return on asset (%)

  2. Economic efficiency

  3. Total factor productivity

  4. Risk (%)

  5. Net farm income per capita ($/person)

  6. Credit use ($/ha)

  7. Ratio of farms having unoccupied farmland (%)

  8. Ratio of farms planning operating investment (%)

  9. Ratio of farms extend their farmlands (%)

  10. Ratio of farms invest capital to off-farm (%)
Social :


  1. Ratio of village not to enjoy sewerage system (%)

  2. Distance from nearest health institution (km)

  3. The ratio of village having insufficient drinking water (%)

  4. The ratio of asphalted road (%)

  5. Population/government health official

  6. The number of student per teacher

  7. Ratio of farm having social security (%)

  8. Agricultural population density (person/ha)

  9. Ratio of farm that their title deed are belong to more than two person (%)

  10. Ratio of farm deciding to break away agriculture (%)
Environment :


  1. Technical efficiency

  2. Size of cultivated area applied synthetic fertilizer / total cultivated area (%)

  3. Size of cultivated area applied pesticide/ total cultivated area (%)

  4. Ratio of farm used more synthetic fertilizer than suggested level (%)

  5. Ratio of farm used more pesticide than suggested level (%)

  6. The number of factory established in first class area

  7. Ratio of farm operators who supported the idea of cutting woodland off to gain extra farmland (%)

  8. Ratio of farm operators who supported the idea of establishing factory on agricultural land (%)

  9. The size of organic farming area (ha)

  10. Ratio of settlements founded on first and second class agricultural land (%)
Bio-physical :


  1. Ratio of land where organic matter is low (%)

  2. Crop diversity (Simpson index)

  3. Ratio of shallow land (< 20 cm) (%)

  4. The size of IV, VI and VII class land /total agricultural land (%)

  5. Ratio of farm faced with irrigation water shortage (%)

  6. Ratio of agricultural land faced with severe water erosion (%)

  7. The quality of irrigation water (salinity, C4 (%))

  8. Ratio of agricultural land that their pH is not between 6.8 and 7.3 (%)

  9. The size of land that their slope is more than 20%/total agricultural land (%)

  10. The size of soil that their saline amount is more than 0.15%

    Sumber: V. Ceyhan. Assessing the agricultural sustainability of conventional farming systems in Samsun province of Turkey. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajar/pdf/pdf%202010/4%20Jul/Ceyhan.pdf

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