Mengukur Good Governance

Good Governance yang diindonesiakan menjadi "tata pemerintahan yang baik" adalah suatu praktek penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dalam rangka memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dengan sebaik-baiknya. Definisi menurut UNDP lebih kurang adalah suatu penggunaan semua wewenang mencakup wewenang ekonomi, politik dan administrasi guna mengelola urusan-urusan negara pada semua tingkat. Tata pemerintahan disini mencakup seluruh mekanisme, proses, dan lembaga-lembaga dimana warga dan kelompok masyarakat mengutarakan kepentingan mereka, menggunakan hak hukum, memenuhi kewajiban dan menjembatani perbedaan-perbedaan di antara mereka.  Dalam konteks ini tidak hanya pemerintah, namun meliputi tiga domain yaitu negara yang diwakili pemerintah, swasta dan masyarakat.

Ada 9 indikator untuk mengukur Good Governance menurut UNDP, yaitu:

1. Participation (keterlibatan masyarakat),
2. Rule of law (penegakan hukum yang adil);
3. Transprancy (kebebasan memperoleh informasi);
4. Responsiveness (cepat dan tanggap);
5. Consensus Orientation (berorientasi pada kepentingan masyarakat);
6. Equity (kesempatan yang sama);
7. Efficiency and effectiveness (efisiensi dan efektivitas);
8. Accountability (pertanggungjawaban publik);
9. Strategic vision (adanya visi ke depan).

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Asset-based Community Development

John McKnight and John Kretzmann of the Community Development Institute recommend focusing on strengths and capacities of a community rather than starting from a place of weakness or deficit. Their belief is that locating all of the available local assets within a community and connecting them with one another in ways that multiply their effect can achieve regeneration. Their Asset-based Community Development strategy concentrates on the agenda building and problem-solving capabilities of local residents, associations and institutions.

Most likely there are under-utilized and unrealized assets in your community. These may be in the form of:

• Individuals with specific talents and skills;
• Associations or informal groups of people working together for a common goal;
• Institutions, which include government and non-governmental organizations;
• Land and buildings;
• Local businesses and lending institutions that can donate, sponsor or otherwise
support community work.

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Indikator kultural ketahanan pangan

Consolidated indicators developed at the 2nd Global Consultation on the Right to Food and Food Security for Indigenous Peoples: Cultural Indicators for Food Security, Food Sovereignty and Sustainable Development

1. Access to, security for and integrity of lands, territories, natural resources, sacred sites and ceremonial areas used for traditional food production, harvesting and/or gathering and related cultural and ceremonial purposes

2. Abundance, scarcity and/or threats to traditional seeds, plant foods and medicines, and food animals, as well as cultural practices associated with their protection and survival

3. Use and transmission of methods, knowledge language, ceremonies, dances, prayers, oral histories, stories and songs related to traditional foods and subsistence practices, and the continued use of traditional foods in daily diet as well as in relevant cultural/ceremonial practices

4. Capacity by Indigenous Peoples for adaptability, resilience, and/or restoration of traditional food use and production in response to changing conditions including migration, displacement, urbanization and environmental changes

5. Ability of Indigenous Peoples to exercise and implement their rights including self-determination and free prior informed consent, as well as their self-government structures, to promote and defend their Food Sovereignty and related aspects of their development

Sumber: Cultural indicators of Indigenous Peoples' food and agro-ecological systems*
by Ellen Woodley, Eve Crowley, Jennie Dey de Pryck, and Andrea Carmen

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Apa itu PERTANIAN INDUSTRIAL ?

Industrial farming is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. They include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced using these methods of industrial agriculture.

Industrial agriculture =

a. rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new croplands
b. increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area
c. improved soils permanently, providing more food from less space
d. is necessary today for all cultures
e. had no impact on agriculture

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Indeks Multidimensi Kemiskinan

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The 2010 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report introduces the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). This new international measure of poverty complements income-based poverty measures by reflecting the multiple deprivations that people face at the same time across 104 developing countries. The MPI identifies deprivations across health, education and living standards, and shows the number of people who are multidimensionally poor and the deprivations that they face on the household level.

Inside the MPI:

1. Education (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
-Years of Schooling: deprived if no household member has completed five years of schooling
-School Attendance: deprived if any school attending school in years 1 to 8

2. Health (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
-Child Mortality: deprived if any child has died in the family
-Nutrition: deprived if any adult or child for whom there is nutritional information is malnourished

3. Standard of Living (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/18)
-Electricity: deprived if the household has no electricity
-Drinking Water: deprived if the househo to clean drinking water or clean water is more than 30 minutes walk from home
-Sanitation: deprived if they do not have adequate sanitation their toilet is shared
-Flooring: deprived if the household has a dirt, sand or dung f
-Cooking Fuel: deprived if the household cooks with wood, charcoal or dung
-Assets: deprived if the household does not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bike, motorbike, or refrigerator and do not own a car or tractor.

Sumber:
http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/MPI-One-Page-final.pdf?cda6c1

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Indeks Kinerja Lingkungan

Indeks kinerja lingkungan (The Environmental Performance Index = EPI) adalah satu metode untuk menghitung dan menilai kinerja lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh kebijakan yang telah dijalankan oleh satu negara. Indeks ini dikembangkan dari kegiatan Pilot Environmental Performance Index yang dipublikasikan tahun 2002, dan dikembangkan untuk mendukung pencapaian tujuan Millennium Development Goals khususnya dalam aspek lingkungan. EPI sesungguhnya telah diawali sebelumnya dalam bentuk lain dengan nama Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 1999 sampai 2005.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH:
1. Environmental Burden of Disease
2. Adequate Sanitation
3. Drinking Water
4. Indoor Air Pollution
5. Urban Particulates
6. Local Ozone

ECOSYSTEM VITALITY:
7. Regional Ozone
8. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
9. Water Quality Index
10. Water Stress
11. Conservation Risk Index
12. Effective Conservation
13. Critical Habitat Protection
14. Marine Protected Areas

Productive Natural Resources:
15. Growing Stock
16. Marine Trophic Index
17. Trawling Intensity
18. Irrigation Stress
19. Agricultural Subsidies
20. Intensive Cropland
21. Burnt Land Area
22. Pesticide Regulation

Climate Change:
23. Emissions per capita
24. Emissions per electricity generated
25. Industrial carbon intensity

Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index