Social capital = dimaknasi sebagai groups, jaringan, norma dan
kepercayaan yang dimiliki untuk kegiatan-kegiatan produktif.
Ada banyak cara mengukur modal sosial. Sebagai contoh Grootaert (C.
Grootaert, Does social capital help the poor?, A synthesis of findings from the
local level institutions studies in Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and Indonesia, Local
Level Institutions Working Paper No. 10, World Bank, Social Development
Department, Washington D.C, 2001), membedakan antara structural and cognitive
social capital.
Indikator structural social capital = mencakup density of membership to local
associations, diversity of members in the rural producer organizations,
frequency of attendance to rural producer organization’s meeting and level of
democracy in decision making.
Density of membership diukur dari jumlah local associations dimana
rumah-rumah tangga menjadi anggotanya. Internal diversity of the organization diukur
dengan 7 kriteria yaitu = diversity in neighborhood, family/ kinship group,
age, denomination, income group, gender and tribe. Frekuensi kehadiran dalam
pertemuan kelompok menggunakan 3 skala = “never”, “sometimes” and “always”.
Tingkat demokratis pembuatan keputusan = apakah diputuskan hanya oleh
pengurus, atau melibatkan anggota. Pilihannya adalah “decisions made by management only”, “decisions
made by management in consultation with members” and “decisions made by members
consensus”.
Indikator cognitive social capital = berupa trust and solidarity antar anggota.
Kepercayaan = diukur dalam hal yang umum dan khusus. Hal umum dengan
melemparkan pertanyaan: apakah anda percaya kepada sebagian besar orang di
kelompok ini? Untuk yang khusus diduga melalui pertanyaan dengan terhadap
berbagai pihak yaitu = dalam keluarga, fellow farmers, pemimpin agama, anggota rural
producer organizations, pimpinan politik, pedagang, dna teman-teman.
Level of solidarity = what the household would receive or give out in
times of famine. Five items that the household would help other needy
households with or receive during drought or famine are seed, grain, other food
items (including cooked food), clothes and cash.
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